World Health Organization releases first technical brief on Encephalitis

 

Encephalitis is an increasing global threat: Dr Ava Easton, Chief Executive, Encephalitis International

World Health Organization (WHO) and Encephalitis International have launched a critical Technical Brief on Encephalitis in London, which identified encephalitis (infectious and autoimmune) as an increasing global threat making it an urgent public health priority. The technical brief outlines the worldwide burden of encephalitis, key actions required to improve prevention, data collection and surveillance, diagnostics and treatment, after care and awareness, and research innovation.

“Encephalitis is an increasing global threat. Without urgent attention and investment we will see more needless death and disability from the condition”, said Dr Ava Easton, Chief Executive, Encephalitis International.

Encephalitis, a condition caused by infectious and autoimmune causes in individuals, is an often-deadly brain inflammation that can affect anyone regardless of age, sex or ethnicity. It can lead to severe neurological consequences, including permanent brain injury. It arises either from an
infection invading the brain, such as Japanese Encephalitis, Scrub Typhus that are more prevalent in India or from the immune system mistakenly attacking the brain (autoimmune encephalitis).

WHO and Encephalitis International urge policymakers, public health professionals, healthcare providers, and researchers to engage with this brief and implement its recommendations to save lives and reduce disability associated with encephalitis. According to a recent survey in 2024,
1,548 Japanese Encephalitis cases were reported from 24 states and Union Territories.

Dr Ava Easton, added, "The WHO's recognition of encephalitis as a growing global threat marks a pivotal moment. We must act decisively to improve prevention, diagnosis, and care for those affected. Encephalitis disproportionately affects individuals in low-to-middle-income countries (LMIC), where healthcare resources are often limited. To support the implementation of the technical brief's recommendations, Encephalitis International has launched the "Countdown to Change" pilot appeal, aiming to raise £50,000 by 22 February 2025. Donations will fund initiatives to improve diagnostics, treatment, and aftercare for those affected globally.”

“The WHO Encephalitis technical brief aims to focus attention on the increasing global threat of encephalitis, prevention strategies and existing gaps in the diagnosis, treatment and care which will help enable more people affected to receive the treatment and care they need to live fulfilling and healthy lives.” said Dr Tarun Dua, Brain Health Unit, Department of Mental Health, Brain Health and Substance Use.

 

WHO Technical Brief Conclusion:

• Encephalitis is an increasing global threat with an urgent public health imperative, and represents a significant yet under-recognized global health challenge, marked by substantial mortality, disability burden, and economic impacts.

• Compounded by large population densities in resource-limited settings, proximity to animals through human encroachment, intensive farming practices, vaccine hesitancy, climate change, urbanization, and global trade, encephalitis is primed to further expand its reach.

• Trends of emerging and re-emerging viral outbreaks of encephalitis are increasing and identification and recognition of autoantibodies are contributing to the expanding number of autoimmune encephalitis cases.

• The true global burden of encephalitis is currently unknown – particularly in LMIC, however, the heavy costs associated with neurological sequelae and the impact on families are
  undisputed and increasingly being recognized.

• Central to reducing the burden of encephalitis are vaccination strategies, the establishment of robust surveillance systems, the strengthening of health systems.

• Progress in these areas should be underpinned by quality medical and public health research and the generation of new advances.

• Public awareness and education also play a pivotal role in reducing encephalitis deaths and disability along with increasing understanding and empathy for the condition and those affected, along with preventative measures.

• Prioritising encephalitis within global and national health agendas, mobilising resources for targeted interventions, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders can significantly reduce the potential global threat and disease burden. Together, these efforts promise to improve health outcomes, enhance the quality of life for those affected, and build resilient health systems capable of responding to this growing public health challenge.

 

Symptoms of encephalitis vary but can include:

• Infectious encephalitis (decreased or altered level of consciousness, personality/ behavioural change, fever and a headache);
• Autoimmune encephalitis (memory problems, psychiatric symptoms, decreased or altered level of consciousness and personality change).

 

Death rates following encephalitis can be high.  Survivors may experience long-term challenges such as cognitive impairments, personality changes, epilepsy, and fatigue, making reintegration into daily life difficult. Treatment and cure depend on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications for autoimmune causes and supportive care to manage long-term symptoms.

Encephalitis affects three people every minute globally, yet almost 77% of the population do not know what it is. The lack of awareness leads to delay in diagnosis and treatment, and poorer patient outcomes. By implementing the WHO's recommendations, we can work towards reducing the global impact of this debilitating condition.

ताकत का डबल डोज हैं ये हरी सब्जियां, बदलते मौसम में हर बीमारी से करती हैं बचाव, बॉडी हो जाती है फौलाद

 

दिल्ली: बदलते मौसम में अक्सर हम थका और बीमार हुआ महसूस करते हैं. साथ ही बदन में दर्द के  साथ बुखार और कमजोरी लगती है. इससे लोगों का स्वभाव भी चिड़चिड़ा हो जाता है. ऐसे में आज ही आपको अपने खान-पीन को दुरुस्त करने की जरूरत है. रोजाना सुबह नाश्ते से लेकर रात के खाने में न्यूट्रिएंट से भरपूर सब्जियों और फलों का सेवन करना बहुत जरूरी है.

इससे न केवल आपकी और आपके बच्चों की इम्युनिटी मजबूत होगी. बल्कि बदलते मौसम और खराब एयर क्वालिटी में भी आप स्वस्थ रह पाएंगे. आज चलिए जानते हैं कि कौन सी वह सब्जियां और फल हैं, जिन्हें खाकर लोग बदलते मौसम और प्रदुषित मौसम में स्वस्थ रह सकते हैं.

इन सब्जियों और फलों का करें सेवन

दिल्ली की डॉ स्वाति चौहान ने लोकल 18 से बताया कि हमें स्वस्थ रहने के लिए अपने आहार में, अपने डेली के नाश्ते में, खाने में कैल्शियम, आयरन, विटामिन-A, C, और बीटा केराटिन आदि भरपूर मात्रा में लेना चाहिए. सर्दियों का मौसम चल रहा है और इस वक्त सब्जियां काफी अच्छी मिलती है. ऐसे में हमें सर्दियों के मौसम में खासकर अपने खाने में टमाटर सभी कलर वाली शिमला मिर्च ब्रोकली, पलक , अमला, मेंथी, पुदीना, पत्ता गोभी, सरसों ,करेला यह सारी चीजों को शामिल करना चाहिए.

इन सब्जियों में भरपूर मात्रा में विटामिन-A, C और आयरन पाया जाता है. जो हमें अंदर से स्वस्थ रखने के लिए काम करता है. इसके अलावा फलों में हमें चुकंदर, नींबू ,केला अनार और कीवी यह सब शामिल करना चाहिए. सभी फल एंटीऑक्सीडेंट और पोषक तत्वों से भरपूर होते हैं.

कैसे करें इनका चुनाव

डॉ स्वाति कहती हैं कि कभी भी सब्जियां लेते हुए यह हमेशा याद रखें कि जो सब्जियों का रंग या फलों का रंग हल्का होता है. उनमें न्यूट्रिशन नहीं पाया जाता है.  उनमें न्यूट्रिशन की वैल्यू कम होती है. इसके अलावा जिन सब्जियों का रंग हल्का गहरा होता है. उसमें ज्यादा न्यूट्रीशन वैल्यू वाली होती है. ऐसे में कभी भी हल्के रंग की सब्जियां और फल ना खरीदें.

Winter And Eye Allergies: How to Manage Seasonal Irritations

Winter is a season many of us look forward to, bringing with it cozy moments and festive cheer. However, for some, the winter months come with an unexpected challenge—winter eye allergies. Also known as allergic conjunctivitis, these allergies are the body’s immune response to allergens present in the air. Dr Mandeep Singh Basu, Director, Dr. Basu Eye Care Center helps us explore what winter eye allergies are, common allergens during the season, symptoms, triggers, and effective management strategies to protect your eyes and maintain clear vision.

What Causes Winter Eye Allergies?

Winter eye allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to certain airborne substances that can irritate the eyes. While allergens such as pollen are more common during other seasons, winter brings its own set of allergens, including:

1. Dust MitesThese microscopic creatures thrive in warm, indoor environments, especially during the colder months when windows are kept closed.
2. Pet DanderPets like cats and dogs shed tiny flakes of skin, which can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
3. Mold SporesMold grows in damp places, such as basements, bathrooms, and behind walls, and can become more prevalent in winter due to increased humidity indoors.

   Symptoms of Winter Eye Allergies

   Winter eye allergies often manifest as discomfort in the eyes, leading to several common symptoms:
4. ItchingOne of the most common symptoms of eye allergies, causing a constant urge to rub the eyes.
5. RednessThe blood vessels in the eyes may dilate, making the eyes appear red and inflamed.
6. TearingExcessive tearing is the body’s response to irritation, trying to flush out the allergens.
7. SwellingThe eyelids and the area around the eyes may become swollen and puffy.
8. Blurry VisionAllergies may lead to blurry vision due to excessive tears or inflammation in the eye.

What Increases the Risk of Winter Eye Allergies?

Several factors can increase the likelihood of eye allergy flare-ups during the winter months:

1. Indoor HeatingWhen indoor heating systems are used, they often lead to dry air, which can aggravate the eyes and make them more susceptible to irritation and allergens.
2. Close Quarters and Reduced VentilationDuring the winter, homes tend to be sealed tightly to retain heat, leading to poor air circulation. This can allow allergens to build up in the environment, exacerbating allergic reactions.
3. Pet DanderHouse pets, such as cats and dogs, carry allergens in their fur and skin flakes. During winter, people often spend more time indoors with their pets, increasing the risk of exposure.
4. Traveling in CarsLong drives or commutes in a car with dry, heated air can also contribute to dry eyes and allergies.

Preventive Measures for Winter Eye Allergies

While it’s impossible to completely eliminate allergens from our environment, there are several effective preventive measures to reduce exposure and manage eye allergies during the winter:

1. Keep Your Home CleanRegular cleaning can help minimize the presence of dust, mold, and pet dander. Vacuuming carpets, washing bedding, and wiping down surfaces regularly can reduce allergen buildup.
2. Use Air PurifiersAir purifiers with HEPA filters can help filter out airborne allergens and improve the quality of indoor air.
3. Maintain Proper VentilationIf possible, open windows briefly to allow fresh air into your home. Ensure that air vents and ducts are cleaned regularly to avoid circulating dust.
4. Wash Hands FrequentlyAvoid touching your eyes with unwashed hands, as this can transfer allergens to the sensitive eye area.
5. Avoid Pets in the BedroomIf pet dander is a trigger, try to keep pets out of your bedroom to reduce exposure.

   How to Manage Dryness and Irritation in Eyes During Winter

   Managing eye dryness and irritation is essential in preventing further discomfort and long-term issues. Here are some strategies to keep your eyes moist and comfortable throughout the season:
6. Use a Humidifier: If the air inside your home is dry due to indoor heating, using a humidifier can add moisture to the air and help prevent dry eyes.
7. Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps maintain moisture in the eyes, keeping them naturally hydrated.
8. Ayurvedic Eye Drops: Consult an Ayurvedic doctor for eye drops made from natural ingredients that can help soothe and lubricate the eyes, alleviating dryness and irritation.
9. Protect Eyes Outdoors: When venturing outside, protect your eyes from the cold wind and UV rays by wearing sunglasses. This will shield your eyes from environmental stressors that could trigger allergic reactions.

Avoid Smoky and Polluted Environments: Smoke, pollution, and other irritants can exacerbate eye allergies. Avoid exposure to smoky areas and polluted environments whenever possible.

When to Consult an Eye Specialist

If your eye allergy symptoms persist despite preventive measures or worsen over time, it’s essential to seek medical advice. A specialist can diagnose the severity of your condition and recommend appropriate treatments. If you have pre-existing conditions like dry eye syndrome, make sure to schedule regular check-ups to monitor your eye health.

Ayurvedic and Home Remedies for Winter Eye Allergies (Optional)

Ayurveda offers several natural remedies to soothe irritated eyes during the winter months:

1. Rose Water Eye RinseRose water is known for its cooling and soothing properties. It can be used as a gentle eye rinse to cleanse the eyes and relieve irritation.
2. Cold CompressA cold compress can help reduce swelling and soothe itching and redness. Simply place a clean, cool cloth over your closed eyes for relief.Winter eye allergies can be a frustrating and uncomfortable condition, but with the right knowledge and management strategies, you can minimize their impact on your daily life. By understanding the triggers and adopting preventive measures such as keeping your home clean, using air purifiers, staying hydrated, and protecting your eyes from environmental factors, you can protect your eyes from the harsh winter conditions. If symptoms persist, don’t hesitate to seek medical advice to ensure your eye health remains clear and strong throughout the season.

Tennessee woman accused of selling fake weight loss drugs as counterfeit concerns grow

 

The first tip came into West Tennessee law enforcement about two months ago: A resident in the area was selling cheap versions of Ozempic and other weight loss drugs. 

According to officials with the West Tennessee Drug Task Force, the tipster believed the products couldn’t be legitimate due to their unusually low prices: A 10-milligram vial of semaglutide, the active ingredient in Ozempic and Wegovy, sold for about $100, for example, and a 15 mg vial costs $140. The brand-name versions, from drugmaker Novo Nordisk, sell for around $1,000 for a month’s supply. 

Last week, officials said they raided Emily Arnold’s home in Medina, Tennessee, and found more than 300 vials of counterfeit versions of semaglutide, tirzepatide — the ingredient in the weight loss drug Zepbound and the diabetes drug Mounjaro  — along with other drugs used for weight loss. Syringes, alcohol preps, mailers and other materials were also confiscated. 

Officials learned that she allegedly had also been supplying the drugs to two med spa clinics in the state. Some people who used the counterfeit drugs reported rashes and other pain from the injections, officials said.

“We stumbled into one room that was set up, sort of like a lab,” said Johnie Carter, the director of the West Tennessee Drug Task Force. “We even found three packages that were already packaged up and ready to go.”

“It was very shocking,” he added. 

Officials said Arnold, 41, has been charged with four felonies and a misdemeanor, including impersonating a licensed professional. She will plead not guilty, her attorney said.

As highly effective but pricey weight loss drugs gain popularity in the U.S., experts and public health officials warn that low-cost counterfeit versions are becoming increasingly common.

Counterfeit versions of Wegovy or Zepbound are different from compounded weight loss drugs. Compounding is a legitimate practice that’s monitored by the Food and Drug Administration. Compounded medications are essentially copies made by a licensed pharmacist and usually prescribed by a doctor. 

The FDA is allowing pharmacies to dispense compounded versions of semaglutide and tirzepatide until shortages of the brand-name drugs are fully resolved. In October, the FDA said compounding pharmacies can continue making their own versions after a compounding trade group sued the agency, saying the drugs were still in shortage. Compounded versions of the drugs tend to cost less and are popular at online pharmacies and med spas.

Counterfeits, on the other hand, aren’t licensed. They are manufactured and packaged to look like legitimate brand-name medications, but often contain little to none of the actual drug.

Shabbir Safdar, the executive director of the Partnership for Safe Medicines, an advocacy group that tracks counterfeit drugs, said fake GLP-1 medications are “the No. 1 fraud issue” that group is seeing in the U.S. and other parts of the world right now. 

“It has exploded,” Safdar said. “I’ve never seen the quantity of fraud and crime that is happening in this space right now in anything for years. The criminals have been as active as the market excitement about the medicines are.”

The packaging of the counterfeit weight loss drugs can “appear like a perfect look-alike” to the brand-name versions, Safdar said. At the same time, he said, they could contain wrong or harmful ingredients, or contain too little, too much or no active ingredient at all.

West Tennessee law enforcement officials said that testing by Eli Lilly, the maker of Mounjaro and Zepbound, after the raid revealed that one of the samples sold by Arnold was nothing more than water, which could be dangerous if not properly sterilized.

“No one will be bothered if you’re hurt,” Safdar said. “They just want your money.”

The proliferation of counterfeit drugs

The FDA is aware of and investigating reports of counterfeit weight loss drugs being illegally marketed in the U.S., an agency spokesperson said in a statement. 

“We vigilantly monitor the internet for fraudulent or unapproved products and have issued warning letters to stop the distribution of illegally marketed semaglutide and tirzepatide,” the spokesperson said. 

If needed, the spokesperson added, the FDA’s Office of Criminal Investigations will work with federal law enforcement officials to carry on seizures, injunctions and criminal prosecutions. Last year, the FDA announced that officials had seized thousands of units of counterfeit Ozempic found in the U.S. drug supply chain, but noted that some may still be available for purchase.

An Eli Lilly spokesperson said in a statement that the company was pleased that regulators in Tennessee took action to “stop one of the bad actors selling knockoff tirzepatide.” Lilly has obtained shipments from China claiming to be tirzepatide that are packaged as dog food, tea and facial masks or hidden inside of a box of T-shirts, the spokesperson said.

“The proliferation of counterfeit and other unsafe, unapproved tirzepatide knockoffs is dangerous and needs to be stopped,” the spokesperson said. 

Novo Nordisk said it’s fighting counterfeit products and pursuing litigation against groups that sell counterfeit drugs.

“Producing counterfeit products and inserting them into the legitimate U.S. supply chain is an illegal activity and puts patients at considerable risk,” a Novo Nordisk spokesperson said in a statement. 

The risks of counterfeit drugs

Using a counterfeit medication can lead to dangerous complications, said Dr. Daniela Hurtado Andrade, an endocrinologist at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida.

“You never know what they are mixing them with,” said Andrade, who spoke generally about the dangers of counterfeit drugs. “There is the potential risk that they are mixed with electrolytes, which for example, can put a person at risk of having cardiac arrhythmias.”

With counterfeit drugs, there’s no way to know they’re following health regulations. 

“If you are putting a contaminated substance under your skin, you can certainly be at risk of developing infections,” she said. “These are infections that are local, but then you could have certain complications of local infections that can become systemic infections.” 

Who is most at risk of counterfeit drugs?

Anyone who buys a GLP-1 drug without a prescription could be at risk of getting a counterfeit version. 

The most vulnerable are people without adequate health care coverage or without prescription drug benefits, or who feel stigmatized by their weight and don’t want to see a doctor, Timothy Mackey, a professor of global health at the University of California, San Diego, said. 

The nature of the weight loss drugs — large amounts of  people qualify for them and their high cost — make the problem even more challenging to control, said Mackay, who studies counterfeit drugs.

“This situation is a bit different than prior counterfeit medicine incidents, as arguably so many people are at risk,” he said.  “And consumers believe that they should be readily available, conveniently.” 

Safdar, of the Partnership for Safe Medicines, said the best way people can protect themselves is to always get the brand-name product through a prescription from a doctor. 

He acknowledged that other people may not qualify for the drug’s indicated use and will seek alternatives.

“I’ve seen people say, ‘I got it because I was trying to lose that last 10 pounds,’” Safdar said. “People are finding telehealth providers who will write that prescription and then dabbling in the market. None of that is safe.”

This Article Source from NBC News Dec. 18, 2024, 4:29 AM GMT+5:30

By Berkeley Lovelace Jr., Erin McLaughlin and Aarne Heikkila

Suffering From Frequent Acidity? Here Are Some Home Remedies To Try On

Acidity, sometimes referred to as heartburn or acid reflux, is a prevalent problem that many people experience, especially in the morning. A burning feeling in the chest or throat is caused by stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus. Frequent episodes of acidity can interfere with daily lifestyle. This problem can be made worse by stress, bad food habits, and irregular sleep patterns. There are several natural ways to reduce morning acidity that offer immediate relief without the need for prescription drugs.

Acidity: What Are The Symptoms?

• Heartburn,
• Regurgitation,
• Indigestion pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen,
• Gas and bloating,
• Having trouble swallowing, and
• Wheezing or coughing

Home Remedies To Cure Acidity

1. 1. Ajwain- Ajwain, sometimes referred to as carom seeds, can help reduce bloating and acidity. Drinking ajwain water or chewing on a few ajwain seeds will help promote the release of digestive juices and lessen acid reflux symptoms. Additionally, ajwain possesses anti-inflammatory qualities that may help calm the gastrointestinal system.
2. 2. Buttermilk- It can help neutralize the acid and has a calming effect on the stomach. It contains lactic acid, which has an alkalizing impact on the body while being acidic. After meals, buttermilk can help relieve the symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn.
3. 3. Apple Cider Vinegar- Diluting apple cider vinegar with water can help improve digestion by balancing the stomach’s pH. Many people find it useful for bloating and digestive problems, but there is little scientific evidence to support its efficacy for heartburn.
4. 4. Lukewarm Water- Quick relief from acidity can be obtained by drinking lukewarm water, which also helps to aid digestion and dilute stomach acid. When taken after meals, it helps the digestive system process food more effectively and is very beneficial. Cold water can affect the stomach and exacerbate symptoms.
5. 5. Bananas- Fruits like bananas can help balance the stomach’s high acidity and lessen the risk of heartburn. Ripe bananas are rich in minerals like potassium, which support the body’s pH equilibrium, they are very healthy. Another fruit that can help with acidity is papaya.
6. 6. Black Cumin seed- Because of its anti-inflammatory qualities, black cumin seeds can help calm the digestive tract and lessen acid reflux. To use black cumin seeds, make a paste using a teaspoon of the seeds and water, then eat it after meals. Although there isn’t much scientific proof that black cumin seeds can directly reduce acid reflux, they can be combined with other treatments to get even more advantages

Acidity can be upsetting and uncomfortable, especially in the morning. Fast relief can be obtained, nevertheless, by combining easy and efficient home remedies. Long-term relief is ensured by combining these treatments with lifestyle modifications like stress management and avoiding big meals late at night. If your condition worsens, consult a doctor for treatment.

Sara Ali Khan Talks About What Holistic Wellness Means To Her: 'When The Body, Mind, And Soul...'

Sara Ali Khan is known for balancing her love for food and her dedication to fitness like a pro. The actor does not shy away from indulging in tasty treats but she makes sure to burn off the calories later at the gym. She is often seen maintaining a healthy work-life balance by regularly taking time off work. In a latest interview, the actor shared what wellness means to her.

Speaking to NDTV, Sara Ali Khan talked about wellness and how she takes time out to relax and unwind after a hectic work schedule. She said, “I think that wellness is a very holistic term. It’s when the body, mind, and soul are in tune and at ease, and whatever enables that, meditation and reading for the mind, working out, yoga for the body, travelling for the soul. I think it is very important to spend time with yourself. For me, wellness is that."

Khan talked about seeking peace and doing everything from her heart. She continued, “Whatever you do, you should do it from your heart, in a calm manner and with full concentration and ease. That’s important in our lives as we don’t get peace and silence in our daily lives. We don’t want it every day anyways but you maintain the balance when you get this kind of peace in your personal lives as well."

Previously, Khan has stressed the importance of taking time off social media and spending time with herself to unwind. She talked about how she loves unwinding by trekking in the mountains, travelling away from the hustle and bustle of city life, and meditation. She had recently taken a trip to Kedarnath where she was seen offering prayers at the temple, shopping, eating local cuisines, and trekking in the mountains and hills.

Types Of Headaches: Symptoms, Causes, & Treatments

A headache is a pain or discomfort in the head or upper neck region, often arising from various factors such as tension, inflammation, or neurological issues. Headaches can range from mild to severe and may be localised or widespread. Different types of headaches exist, each with distinct causes, symptoms, and treatments. They can stem from stress, dehydration, lack of sleep, or underlying health conditions. Proper diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, which may include lifestyle changes, medication, or specific therapies. Keep reading as we share different kinds of headaches, common causes and treatments for headaches.

Common kinds of headaches

1. Tension headache

Tension headaches are the most common type, often caused by stress, poor posture, or muscle strain. Symptoms include a dull, aching pain across the forehead, temples, or the back of the head and neck. Treatment involves over-the-counter pain relievers, relaxation techniques, and ergonomic adjustments to reduce muscle tension.

2. Migraine

Migraines are intense headaches accompanied by throbbing pain, sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and sometimes visual disturbances (aura). Triggers include hormonal changes, certain foods, or environmental factors. Treatment includes prescription medications such as triptans, lifestyle changes, and avoiding known triggers.

3. Cluster headache

Cluster headaches are severe, recurring headaches that occur in cyclical patterns or "clusters." They cause intense, burning pain around one eye and may be accompanied by redness, tearing, or nasal congestion. Treatments include oxygen therapy, triptans, or preventive medications like verapamil.

4. Sinus headache

Sinus headaches occur due to sinus infections or inflammation, causing pain in the forehead, cheeks, or around the nose. Symptoms often include nasal congestion and a feeling of pressure. Treating the underlying sinus condition, such as with decongestants or antibiotics, typically alleviates the headache.

5. Rebound headache

Rebound headaches result from overuse of pain medications, leading to a cycle of worsening headaches. Symptoms mimic tension or migraine headaches. Treatment involves discontinuing the overused medication under medical supervision and adopting preventive strategies.

Causes

1. Stress and Anxiety: Tension headaches often result from prolonged stress or anxiety.
2. Dehydration: Insufficient water intake can trigger headaches.
3. Poor Sleep: Sleep deprivation or irregular sleep patterns can cause migraines or tension headaches.
4. Dietary Triggers: Caffeine, alcohol, processed foods, or skipping meals can provoke headaches.
5. Hormonal Changes: Fluctuations in hormones, such as during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, can lead to migraines.
6. Environmental Factors: Bright lights, strong odours, or loud noises may trigger headaches, especially migraines.

Treatments

• Medication: Over-the-counter drugs (ibuprofen, acetaminophen) for mild headaches, and prescription medications (triptans, ergotamines) for migraines or cluster headaches.
• Hydration: Drinking adequate water to prevent dehydration-induced headaches.
• Relaxation Techniques: Meditation, yoga, or breathing exercises to alleviate tension headaches.
• Dietary Adjustments: Identifying and avoiding triggers like caffeine, alcohol, or certain foods.
• Therapies: Physical therapy, acupuncture, or chiropractic adjustments for tension-related headaches.
• Preventive Medications: Beta-blockers, antidepressants, or anti-seizure drugs for chronic headaches.

Understanding the type and cause of a headache is crucial for effective treatment, as the approach can vary significantly based on its nature.

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The Growing Concern of Glaucoma in Children: WHY Early Detection is Crucial

In recent times, there has been a noticeable uptick in glaucoma cases among children. Glaucoma, traditionally associated with adults, is a serious eye condition that damages the optic nerve. It occurs when fluid accumulates in the front part of the eye, leading to increased pressure. Glaucoma can affect one or both eyes, and if not diagnosed early, it can lead to permanent vision impairment.

Understanding the importance of early detection, potential interventions, and preventive measures can help mitigate the impact of this condition on young lives. This helps us diagnose congenital glaucoma, which could be present at birth, infantile glaucoma occurring in the first year of life, and juvenile glaucoma occurring in children older than three years. Unlike adult glaucoma, which is often related to aging and other health conditions, pediatric glaucoma is frequently associated with genetic mutations, developmental anomalies, or secondary conditions affecting the eyes or the entire body. Glaucoma can also occur in children as a result of eye injuries. Dr Meena Menon, Consultant, Glaucoma Services, Sankara Eye Hospital shares the growing concern of glaucoma in children.

Why Awareness is Crucial?

Research reports suggest that more than 90% of glaucoma cases in the country go undetected, resulting in irreversible blindness annually. Therefore, it is critical to underline the significance of routine eye examinations, which can result in early detection and preservation of vision. Parents should be educated to conduct regular eye examinations for their children to detect any changes in their vision patterns. Many parents and caregivers are unaware that children can develop glaucoma. This lack of knowledge can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, resulting in irreversible vision loss.

Early Detection Can Prevent Permanent Blindness

Parents should take their child to an ophthalmologist if they notice any of the following symptoms:

1. Excessive and frequent unexplained tearing
2. Light sensitivity; children with glaucoma may exhibit discomfort in bright light
3. Enlarged eyes
4. Cloudy corneas; a hazy or cloudy appearance of the cornea
5. Behavioral changes; reluctance to engage in visual activities
6. Persistent eye rubbingRegular eye examinations, particularly for children with a family history of glaucoma or other risk factors, are essential.

   Managing glaucoma in children involves a combination of medical and surgical approaches tailored to the individual needs of the patient. Key strategies include medication such as eye drops or oral medications to reduce intraocular pressure, with consistent administration and monitoring crucial for effectiveness. Various surgical options like trabeculotomy or goniotomy may be necessary to relieve pressure and preserve vision, and advances in surgical techniques have improved outcomes for pediatric glaucoma.

   Regular monitoring through continuous follow-up appointments is essential to track progression and customize treatment plans, including regular eye pressure measurements, visual field tests, and optic nerve evaluations.

   Protective measures, such as encouraging the use of protective eyewear during activities that pose a risk of eye injury, can prevent trauma-related glaucoma.

   Additionally, providing supportive resources like vision therapy, educational support, and counseling can help children with glaucoma adapt to their visual challenges and succeed academically and socially.

   Glaucoma in children is a serious but often overlooked condition. Heightened awareness, early detection, and proactive management are critical to preventing blindness and ensuring a better quality of life for affected children. Parents, healthcare providers, and educators must work together to recognize the signs, seek timely medical advice, and implement appropriate treatments. By prioritizing the eye health of children, we can ensure a colorful future for our children.